Exploring Innovative Migrant Integration Practices in Small and Mid-Sized Cities across Canada

Small and mid-sized cities across Canada are experiencing demographic challenges due to low birth rates, an ageing population, rural de-population, youth out-migration, and difficulties attracting and retaining immigrants (Akbari 2009; Dobrowolsky 2013). As a result of population decline, small and mid-sized cities are experiencing labour shortages and a shrinking tax-base posing challenges to economic growth. Small and mid-sized cities are relying on the attraction and retention of immigrants to spur population growth and economic development. Federal and Provincial immigration programming responds to this immigration imperative, however, efforts to disperse immigrants across small and mid-sized cities have been met with challenges. Intentional programming to shift immigrants away from large urban centres and across small and mid-sized cities can be referred to as the regionalization of immigration (Valade 2017). Immigration and settlement research suggests that the success of regionalization efforts is contingent on a city’s readiness to support a growing diverse community (Tamang 2010). A city’s readiness to support newcomers can be attributed to a plurality of city actors engaged in immigration and settlement efforts. A city’s ability to support a growing population is enhanced by a robust settlement sector that coordinates a range of social and cultural services including, housing, employment, and language support. A paradox is emergent in Canada’s immigration and settlement regime, however, as resources to support immigrant integration tend to be allocated to cities where large populations of immigrants settle. This paper is then guided by the question, how can small and mid-sized cities “get ready” to attract and retain newcomers? This paper offers a critical review of Canada’s immigration programming and suggests innovative ideas as to how to address the challenges of attracting and retaining immigrants in small and mid-sized cities across Canada. This paper will take up debates on the neoliberalization of immigration and address the current state of immigration programming, specifically regarding Canada’s Provincial Nominee Program (PNP) and Local Immigration Partnerships (LIPs). Additionally, this paper will explore city theories that address the potential for immigration in less diverse cities. At the center of analysis are case studies to illustrate how cities can do without a vast settlement sector and prepare for immigration through strong municipal leadership, a coordinated approach to immigration planning, and a focus on economic actors and public institutions